Legal subtleties of import-export operations in the energy market in the EU: analytics. Peculiarities of import-export operations in the electricity and gas market in the EU
Europe’s energy sector is crucial for trade, but each country has its own tax, legal and Features of import regulatory characteristics. This article provides a comparative analysis of the markets of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany and the Netherlands to identify key challenges and opportunities for business.
Import and export
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Electricity exports are taxed at a zero VAT rate, while imports are subject to 23% VAT. Gas is subject to general energy excise duties.
Legal features:
Poland requires certification of energy resources, especially “green” ones. The National Energy Regulator (URE) strictly controls all operations.
Benefits:
Investors in renewable energy sources can take advantage of tax breaks.
Slovakia
Import and export:
Electricity and gas are subject to a 20% VAT rate, with exemptions for exports.
Legal requirements:
The need to comply with EU directives on certification of energy origin.
Preferential conditions:
There are support programs for companies working in the field of “green” technologies.
Taxes:
Imports of gas and electricity are subject to the highest VAT rate in the EU – 27%. Exports remain tax-free.
Legal subtleties:
Registration with the national energy regulator (MEKH) is required to carry out transactions.
Benefits:
Hungary is actively encouraging investors in hydrogen and innovative energy technologies.
Germany
Import-export operations:
VAT on imports is 19%, while exports remain untaxed. Gas is also subject to an energy excise tax, depending on the source.